hall in which the

Религия: зальная церковь

Религия: баптистерий

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Hall was a practical man with no theoretical background: his active years were spent at Bloomfield Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire. Around 1816 he began experimenting in the production of wrought iron. At that time, blast-furnace or cast iron was converted to wrought iron by the dry puddling process invented by Henry Cort in 1784. In this process, the iron was decarburized (i.e. had its carbon removed) by heating it in a current of air in a furnace with a sand bed. Some of the iron combined with the silica in the sand to form a slag, however, so that no less than 2 tons of cast iron were needed to produce 1 ton of wrought. Hall found that if bosh cinder was charged into the furnace, a vigorous reaction occurred in which the cast iron was converted much more quickly than before, to produce better quality wrought iron, a ton of which could be formed by no more than 21 cwt (1,067 kg) of cast iron. Because of the boiling action, the process came to be known as pig boiling. Bosh cinder, essentially iron oxide, was formed in the water troughs or boshes in which workers cooled their tools used in puddling and reacted with the carbon in the cast iron. The advantages of pig boiling over dry puddling were striking enough for the process to be widely used by the late 1820s. By mid-century it was virtually the only process used for producing wrought iron, an essential material for mechanical and civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution. Hall reckoned that if he had patented his invention he would have "made a million". As luck would have it, the process that he did patent in 1838 left his finances unchanged: this was for the roasting of cinder for use as the base of the puddling furnace, providing better protection than the bosh cinder for the iron plates that formed the base.

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) predsoba

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) dvorana

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) magistrat

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) hodnik

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) študentski dom

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dvorana; vestibul, veža, predsoba, preddverje; sodna dvorana; predavalnica; magistrat

British English dvorec, dédina; tržnica; cehovska hiša; študentovski dom, stanovanjska zgradba za študente ali predavatelje; skupna obednica univerzitetnih študentov, skupen obed v tej obednici; American vsako univerzitetno poslopje, inštitut; British English booking hall — kolodvorska dvorana za prodajo vozovnic

lecture hall — predavalnica

American the Hall of Fame — hram slave

to earn o.s. a place in the Hall of Fame — postati nesmrten

hall of residence — študentovski dom

servants' hall — skupna obednica za služinčad

British English Town Hall, American City Hall — magistrat

Liberty Hall — prostor, kjer vsak lahko počne, kar hoče

vtisniti žig zlatarskega ceha

1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) entré; hall

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sal; forsamlingshus

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) rådhus

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) gang

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) kollegium

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) entré; hall

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sal; forsamlingshus

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) rådhus

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) gang

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) kollegium

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) vestíbulo, entrada

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sala

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) ayuntamiento

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) pasillo, corredor

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) residencia, colegio mayor

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hall n

1. vestíbulo / entrada

2. sala

◊ halls) ( de casa) hall, hallway;

tr[hɔːl]

noun

1 (entrance) vestíbulo, entrada

2 (for concerts etc) sala

3 (mansion) casa solariega, mansión nombre femenino

4 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (corridor) pasillo, corredor nombre masculino

\

hall of residence colegio mayor, residencia universitaria

hall ['hɔl] n

1) building: residencia f estudiantil, facultad f (de una universidad)

2) vestibule: entrada f, vestíbulo m, zaguán m

3) corridor: corredor m, pasillo m

4) auditorium: sala f, salón m

concert hall: sala de conciertos

city hall : ayuntamiento m

• antecámara s.f.

• casapuerta s.f.

• corredor (Arquitectura) s.m.

• cámara s.f.

• edificio de una universidad s.m.

• entrada s.f.

• recibimiento s.m.

• sala s.f.

• vestíbulo s.m.

• zaguán s.m.

1)

a) ( vestibule) vestíbulo m, entrada f

b) ( corridor) (AmE) pasillo m, corredor m

2)

a) ( for gatherings) salón m

b) (in castle, mansion) sala f

3) (BrE)

a) ( student residence) residencia f universitaria, colegio m mayor (Esp)

b) ( college dining room) comedor m, casino m (Chi)

4) ( large country house) (BrE) casa f solariega

1. N

1) (=entrance hall) hall m, entrada f ; (=foyer) vestíbulo m ; (US) (=passage) pasillo m

2) (=large room, building) sala f

3) (=mansion) casa f solariega

4) (Brit) (Univ) (=central hall) paraninfo m ; (also: hall of residence) residencia f, colegio m mayor

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1)

a) ( vestibule) vestíbulo m, entrada f

b) ( corridor) (AmE) pasillo m, corredor m

2)

a) ( for gatherings) salón m

b) (in castle, mansion) sala f

3) (BrE)

a) ( student residence) residencia f universitaria, colegio m mayor (Esp)

b) ( college dining room) comedor m, casino m (Chi)

4) ( large country house) (BrE) casa f solariega

1) (large [public] room) Saal, der; (public building) Halle, die; (for receptions, banquets) Festsaal, der; (in medieval house): (principal living room) Wohnsaal, der

2) (Univ.) (residential building)

3) (entrance passage) Diele, die; Flur, der

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) die Diele

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) die Halle

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) das -Gebäude

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) der Flur

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) das Studienheim

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1. (room by front door) Korridor m, Diele f, Flur m, Gang m SCHWEIZ

2. (large public building) Halle f; (public room) Saal m

bingo \hall Bingosalon m, Spielsalon m

church [or village] \hall Gemeindesaal m, Gemeindehaus nt

concert \hall Konzerthalle f

music \halls Varieté nt

school \hall Aula f

town [or AM city] \hall Rathaus nt

3. (large country house) Herrenhaus nt, Herrensitz m

Bramell \hall is an old mansion Haus Bramell ist ein altes Herrenhaus

4. (student residence) [Studenten]wohnheim nt

\hall of residence [Studenten]wohnheim nt

to live in \hall[s] im Wohnheim wohnen

5. BRIT SCH (dining room) Speisesaal m, Mensa f; (meal) [Mensa]essen nt

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1) (= entrance hall of house) Diele f, Korridor m

2) (= large building) Halle f; (= large room) Saal m; (Brit of college) Speisesaal m; (Brit = college mealtime) Essen nt; (= dance hall) Tanzdiele f; (= village hall) Gemeindehalle f, Gemeindehaus nt; (= school assembly hall) Aula f

3) (= mansion) Herrensitz m, Herrenhaus nt; (Brit = students' residence also hall of residence) Studenten(wohn)heim nt

4) (US: corridor) Korridor m, Gang m

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hall [hɔːl] s

1. Halle f, Saal m

2. a) Diele f, Flur m

b) (Empfangs-, Vor)Halle f, Vestibül n

3. a) (Versammlungs) Halle f

b) meist in Zusammensetzungen großes (öffentliches) Gebäude:

the Hall of Fame bes US die Ruhmeshalle;

earn o.s. a place in the Hall of Fame fig sich unsterblich machen

4. HIST Gilde-, Zunfthaus n

5. besonders Br Herrenhaus n (eines Landgutes)

6. UNIV

a) auch hall of residence Studentenheim n:

live in hall in einem Studentenheim wohnen

b) Br (Essen n im) Speisesaal m:

eat in hall im Speisesaal essen

7. UNIV US Institut n:

Science Hall naturwissenschaftliches Institut

8. HIST

a) Schloss n, Stammsitz m

b) Fürsten-, Königssaal m

c) Festsaal m

9. pl Br umg Varieté n

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1) (large [public] room) Saal, der; (public building) Halle, die; (for receptions, banquets) Festsaal, der; (in medieval house): (principal living room) Wohnsaal, der

2) (Univ.) (residential building)

3) (entrance passage) Diele, die; Flur, der

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Diele -n f.

Flur -e m.

Halle -n f.

Saal -Säle m.

1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) entré, hall, vestibyle

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sal

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) rådhus, offentlig bygning

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) gang

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) universitetsbygning, studenthjem

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hall

sal

vestibyle

subst. \/hɔːl\/

1) entré, (for)hall, forstue, vestibyle

2) sal, hall, aula

• concert hall

• lecture hall

3) forsamlingshus, forsamlingslokale, tinghus, rådhus, folkets hus

• assembly hall

• town hall

4) (universitet, skole) spisesal

5) ( universitet) middagsmåltid (i spisesal)

• hall begins at 5 o'clock

6) ( universitet) mindre college

7) (universitet, også hall of residence)

studenthjem, studentbolig, internat

8) forklaring: hovedrom i middelalderhus

9) (britisk, oftest i navn) herregård, slott

• Darlington Hall

10) (amer.) korridor, gang

the Festival Hall forklaring: konserthus i London

hall bedroom forklaring: lite soverom med adgang fra entreen

1) (in house) entrata f.; (corridor) corridoio m.; (in hotel) hall f.; (in airport, station) atrio m.

2) (for public events) sala f., salone m.

3) (offices)

4) univ. (residence) casa f. dello studente, collegio m. universitario

5) (country house) palazzo m. di campagna, maniero m.

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) atrio

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sala

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) municipio

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) corridoio

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) casa dello studente

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1) (in house) entrata f.; (corridor) corridoio m.; (in hotel) hall f.; (in airport, station) atrio m.

2) (for public events) sala f., salone m.

3) (offices)

4) univ. (residence) casa f. dello studente, collegio m. universitario

5) (country house) palazzo m. di campagna, maniero m.

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) hall, korytarz, przedpokój

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sala

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) ratusz

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) korytarz

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) dom studencki

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) hall da entrada

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) átrio

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) edifício público

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) corredor

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) residência

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[hɔ:l] n 1 saguão, corredor. 2 salão, sala, sala de reunião. 3 Brit refeitório universitário. 4 Amer alojamento para estudantes. 5 mansão. 6 entrada de um edifício. Hall of Fame galeria de bustos e quadros de pessoas famosas nos EUA.

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) előszoba, hall

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) (nagy)terem

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) városháza

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) folyosó

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) kollégium

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n. aula, korridor; matsal

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) hall

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sal, samlingslokal, konserthus

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) []hus

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) korridor

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) studentbyggnad

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) forstofa, hol

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) (veislu-/tónleika)salur

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) opinber bygging

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) gangur

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) (háskóla)garður, heimavist

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n. hol, salon, antre, kabul salonu, koridor, konak, yurt, yemekhane

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) hol, sofa

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) salon

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) konak

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) koridor

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) yatakhane

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) predsoba

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) dvorana

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) magistrat

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) hodnik

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) študentski dom

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druž. ime

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) eteishalli

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) sali

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) kaupungintalo

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) käytävä

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) opiskelija-asuntola

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1) (a room or passage at the entrance to a house: We left our coats in the hall.) vestibils; priekštelpa

2) ((a building with) a large public room, used for concerts, meetings etc: a community hall.) zāle

3) (a building with offices where the administration of a town etc is carried out: a town hall; (American) the city hall.) administratīvā ēka

4) ((American) a passageway through a building; a corridor.) koridors; gaitenis

5) (a building of a university, college etc, especially one in which students etc live.) (studentu) kopmītne

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administratīva ēka; zāle; halle, vestibils; ēdnīca; muižnieka māja